Pevelance and Effects of Rape - 1064 Words

The Prevalence and Effects of Rape The prevalence of rape is a major social problem that plagues America and other countries around the world daily. Victims of rape are psychologically, and sometimes physically damaged from being sexually assaulted. Although it would seem that it is a sexually motivated crime, rape â€Å"is actually an act of violence in which sex is used as a weapon against a powerless victim† (Kendall 197). Neither rapists, nor rape victims are concentrated to one specific class or race. However, â€Å"American women aged 16–24 are considered to be at the greatest risk of sexual assault† (Aronowitz, Lambert, and Davidoff 173). The majority of rapists are age twenty-five and younger. Almost all rape cases have female victims with male offenders. Men account for only 10% of all rape victims, and in some cases their rapist is also male. In regards to statistics, rape appears rare because of victims’ fears that they will not be believed, or have stigmas about rape now attache d to them(Egan and Wilson 345). According to Wolitzk-Taylor et al., â€Å"approximately 1 in 7 US women have been raped in their lifetimes. Estimates from the 1990s and 2000s indicate that only 16% to 20% of forcible rape victims report the rape to law enforcement† (Wolitzky-Taylor et al. 582). The reason for the disproportion of rape victims to rape reports is likely the vast acceptance of rape myths in society. Rape myths are â€Å"stereotyped, or false beliefs about rape, rape victims, and rapists†(Egan

Essay about Reading guide chapter 19 - 662 Words

AP Biology Name Allison Werts Period 2 Chapter 19 guided Reading Assignment 1. What kind of nucleic acids are the viral genomes made of? A singular linear or circular molecule. 2. What is the name for a protein shell enclosing the viral genome? The name of the protein shell that encloses the viral genome is a capsid. 3. What are viral envelopes and what is their function? They are membranes that cloak the capsid that in turn encloses a viral genome. 4. Define host range. It is the limited range of host cells that each type of virus can infect and parasite. 5. List the full steps of the simplified viral reproductive cycle. 1.) Virus enters cell and is uncoated, releasing viral DNA and capsid proteins 2.) Host enzymes replicate the†¦show more content†¦15. Describe the reproductive cycle of HIV, a retrovirus. The virus fuses with the cell’s plasma membrane. The capsid proteins are removed, releasing the viral proteins and RNA. Reverse transcriptase catalyzes the synthesis of a DNA strand complementary to the viral RNA. Reverse transcriptase catalyzes the synthesis of a second DNA strand complementary to the first. The double-stranded DNA is incorporated as a provirus into the cell’s DNA. Proviral genes are transcribed into RNA molecules, which serve as genomes for the next viral generation and as mRNAs for translation into viral proteins. The viral proteins include capsid proteins and reverse transcriptase (made in the cytosol) and envelope glycoproteins (made in the ER). Vesicles transport the glycoproteins from the ER to the cell’s plasma membrane. Capsids are assembled around viral genomes and reverse transcriptase molecules. New viruses bud off from the host cell. 16. What are vaccines? They are harmless variant or derivative of a pathogen that stimulates a host’s immune system to mount defenses against the pathogen 17. What are the three processes that contribute to the emergence of viral diseases? The mutation of existing viruses, the spread of existing viruses from one host species to another, and the dissemination of a viral disease from a small, isolated population that can lead to widespread epidemics. 18. List and explain the two major routesShow MoreRelatedExploring Biology854 Words   |  4 PagesAP Biology Reading Guide Chapter 1: Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw Name_______________________Period___________ Chapter 1: Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life Begin your study of biology this year by reading Chapter 1. It will serve as a reminder about biological concepts that you may have learned in an earlier course and give you an overview of what you will study this year. 1. In the overview, Figure 1.3 recalls manyRead MoreStudy Guide1489 Words   |  6 PagesEN1320 Composition I SYLLABUS AND STUDY GUIDE TABLE OF CONTENTS SYLLABUS.......................................................................................................................................................................1 Course Summary........................................................................................................................................................2 Learning Materials and References ..............................................Read MoreGuns, Germs, and Steel Study Questions Essay754 Words   |  4 PagesSTUDY GUIDE: Guns, Germs, and Steel Buy and read the assigned chapters ofthe book. o Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies (Paperback) o Author: Jared Diamond, Publisher: W. W. Norton Company (April 1999) o o . . ISBN:03933L7552 . . o Bulleted answers to these questions are due the first day of school, worth 50 points Answers MUST BE HANDWRITTEN! Study guides thatwere copied will receive a ZERO! The following strategy is suggested for completing this study guide: 1) ReadRead MoreThe Bible By Craig Bartholomew And Michael Goheen889 Words   |  4 Pageslife around. While reading you often come across different quotes that are used to emphasize a certain point such as â€Å"At the cross God delivers the death blow to human sin and rebellion and accomplishes the salvation of the world† (Craig Bartholomew and Michael Goheen, 126). These quotes are perfect for keeping the reader interested and focused on the books purpose. Quotes aside there all also key questions at the end of the chapter to help the reader really grasp what the chapter was about. WhetherRead MoreReflection On Child Development And Education1134 Words   |  5 Pages Learning Reflection Paper 2 Heather York Huston Tillotson University In the readings and videos provided for this reflection, I found a lot of useful information about how family dynamics and genetics play a huge role in the educational system. Additionally, I learned that a teacher who is sensitive to these factors can make a big impact of the lives of their students. The videos provided great insight into the lives of a preschool student. They showcased how preschool studentsRead MoreEssay on Nutrition and Diet Analysis1024 Words   |  5 Pagesand consist of 50 questions. Questions will come from material covered in class and assigned readings. Exams do not circulate but students are welcome to review exams by appointment. No programmable calculators or cell phones are permitted during exams. No make-up exams. 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In each chapter of this book they’re describing different habits of teenager’s lifes. All seven habits are; be proactive, begin with the end in mind, put things first, think win win, seek first to understand, then to be understood, synergize, and sharpen in the saw. In this Self-help book by Sean Covey, this book was written to self-guide teens into right directions of success. Quoted from Simon Schuster review of 7 HabitsRead MoreLewis Carrolls Alice in Wonderland: The Inevitable Loss of Childhood Innocence1478 Words   |  6 PagesThe novel enwraps with â€Å"Alice and her sister sitting on the bank of a river. Unquestionably bored, she is reading a book over her sister’s shoulder. Suddenly, she spots a small white rabbit in a pea coat, dart across the grass. What astounds her is that the rabbit takes out a small watch from its pocket and exclaims, I will be late. Alice had never heard a rabbi t talk and moreover felt that it was bizarre for a rabbit to own a pocket watch. Curiosity takes Alice down the rabbit hole and this leadsRead MoreDivine Design Journal Response : Dr. Kent Ingle s Book, Devine Design977 Words   |  4 PagesDivine Design Journal Response One In the introduction and first three steps of Dr. Kent Ingle’s book, Devine Design, provides a guide to help us guide our lives and find our divine design. In step one he explains how we must find the catalysts in our life. A catalyst is something that provokes or speeds a significant change or action (19). What Ingle is saying in this first step is that you cannot be afraid to take on the adventures of life. When a new adventure or opportunity arises be brave and

The Clusters Psy Free Essays

Whenever I am with my friends they are constantly telling me to be quiet because I never stop talking I Just do not like it to be quiet. I feel that I am the life of the party I also do this at work with my co-workers I Just like to talk I feel I have a mouth to express myself and be heard. Openness to experience I feel is another that describes me well because along with always thinking and talking I an very Curious to know a little about everything. We will write a custom essay sample on The Clusters Psy or any similar topic only for you Order Now I feel that I can learn about different things forever, and that I can always learn how to do something I already know a deferent more efficient way. Curiosity never hurt anyone I believe the world Is full of many mysteries and we must unlock and discover them to learn what they are. I also find myself building thing without the instructions not because I do not need them, but because I am curious to see if I can create what I am building without them. Even if do not know something on a subject I will sometimes act as if I do because I want to see how gullible people are, and I also know many facts about everything so it is easy to believe me. Using agreeableness I would consider myself to be ruthless and soft-hearted why, because I tend to be easygoing and am kind to people I know, but if I do not know you I am not going to be nice to you. Do not get me wrong though even with people I know I can turn on if they give me a good cause to snap on them. People who hitch for rides I feel bad for and even though I do not know them I feel I am doing a good deed for the day by offering them a ride. I will never give them money though and support their habit unless I was to take them directly to buy food. The reason for this impassion is because I have been in there shoes needing a ride and walking to my destination through rain, sleet, snow, or any whether and I feel for them. This is because I wished someone would stop for me and nobody ever did. I do not consider myself someone to make mad or do wrong to because I hold grudges and will obtain my revenge on you I never forget those who do me wrong. I am not afraid to delete a good friend or bad friend out of my life because of a problem and issue we are facing. There are many more people that I can meet, and get to know better than hem. Like I stated before I never forget this means that I will get revenge on you eventually whether It Is In the same day, days, month, years away I will get you back. The payback that I dish out will be plenty worse than whatever you did to me also. I feel that the person I am today fits Into these categories the best when describing myself using the five traits of personality. BY Mickey’s Explain, in 200 to 300 words where you think you fall within the spectrum of each. Of people tell me to be quiet I cannot help it. That is Just the type of person I am. I like to because along with always thinking and talking I an very curious to know a little always learn how to do something I already know a different more efficient way. Curiosity never hurt anyone I believe the world is full of many mysteries and we must see if I can create what I am building without them. Even if I do not know something eventually whether it is in the same day, days, month, years away I will get you back. Feel that the person I am today fits into these categories the best when describing How to cite The Clusters Psy, Papers

Black Studies Essay Research Paper African free essay sample

Black Studies Essay, Research Paper African # 8217 ; s past can be dated back to 1000000s and 1000000s of old ages. Peoples from every continent is a descendent of the African beginning. This essay will explicate African # 8217 ; s isolation to the remainder of the universe and some of the celebrated parts and some of Africa # 8217 ; s parts to our universe. Research workers have found that African people were the place of the first human existences. They have found dodos and archeological findings that support therefore grounds and by familial research. These findings day of the month back to 4.4 million old ages ago in Ethiopia. Actually human existences day of the month back to 40 thousand old ages, these people were discovered besides in Ethiopia. Around 10 thousand BC the Fertile Crescent had a big agricultural lands that produced flora, economic wealth, and brought people together. 7000 thousand old ages subsequently the land became unagricultural and started to look the manner it looks today in the Sahara Desert. We will write a custom essay sample on Black Studies Essay Research Paper African or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This divided the continent into 2 parts, the North and the South. This made trade and contact to others highly hard. Poor dirts due to shortage of H2O have taken its toll on Africa excessively. This is because hapless dirts lead to bad flora, which leads to less nutrient, and so there are fewer occupations and less wealth. Fewer good besides lead to diseases related to non eating good. Besides Africa doesn # 8217 ; t link to any peculiar topographic point. It has no rivers taking into the seven oceans, so there is non transit or communicating to those in the center of Africa. This means no imports or exports hence, any economic wealth. Africa is made of 400 million people throughout 50 states with 800 different linguistic communications, which is likely hard for communicating and apprehension of each other # 8217 ; s. Leading once more to Africa taking power of the universe. Europe had labeled Africa as the # 8220 ; Dark Continent # 8221 ; because they didn # 8217 ; t cognize much about it. Even though 1000s of old ages ago their imposts and ways of making things originated from Africa. Africa # 8217 ; s parts to our universe day of the month back to about six thousand old ages in Egypt. It begins with the agricultural revolution which wheat and barley were grown with methods of irrigation, terracing, and harvest rotary motions. Raising and domesticati ng animate beings was besides a pattern. The development of better tools such 1s made of metals like Fe and bronze. Hieroglyphs, which are image picture, were carved into rocks to demo what was traveling on. African’s contributed the 365-day calendar and are the first people to split the twelvemonth into 12 months. Besides the one of the admirations of the universe the pyramids are built during this clip. Each weighed about 2.3 metric tons. The earliest physicians and chemists introduce mummification. Priests and male monarchs as swayers are introduce at this clip. These of import parts were copied and made better so given recognition to others in the universe. Some single subscribers to African history was Imhotep a multi-genius. He was a great craftsman, doctor, mathematician, priest and designer. He designed the measure pyramid and proved African # 8217 ; s were good skilled and educated. Aesop was the great narrator of is clip. His narratives ever had a message or lesson for hearers to follow. Some historiographers believed tat Christianity # 8217 ; s Virgin Mary portrays Isis a female parent and an African goddess who was married to Orisis. They were the # 8220 ; holy household of faith # 8221 ; . The Dogons contributed in uranology. They discovered a binary star system, Sirius A and Sirius B which revolved around each other every 50 old ages. They came to believe the beginnings of the existence. The Barbarians dating back 8000 BC shows cereals, and clayware were made during this clip. Many Africans today are non cognizant of the many parts Africa has put into this universe. Europeans has a manner of taking accomplishments and life styles for them, and giving themselves the recognition. They besides give recognition to Egyptians who contributed to a batch to our universe. Peoples do non cognize precisely what race they were, but tonss of grounds shows that Egyptians were of African decent following them back to Africa one time once more. Bibliography Pachai, Dr. Bridglal. Beneath the Clouds of the Promised Land: The Survival of Nova Scotia Blacks. Vol. 1: 1600-1800. Halifax: Black Educators Association of Nova Scotia, 1987. Pachai, Dr. Bridglal. Beneath the Clouds of the Promised Land: The Survival of Nova Scotia Blacks. Vol. 1: 1600-1800. Halifax: Black Educators Association of Nova Scotia, 1987.

The St. Valentine’s Day Essay Example

The St. Valentine’s Day Essay The gang war that was conducted by two notorious criminal gangs of Chicago resulted to the death of seven people at a time, a massacre and happened way back on a St. Valentines Day, February 14, 1929. This incident was called St. Valentine’s Day Massacre. Two notorious gangs of Chicago which was very known already with the authorities there was led by Al Capone for the South side Italian. Some of his members were Jack â€Å"Machine Gun McGurn, Fred Killer Burke, and Fred Goetz. On the other side their rival gang was headed by George â€Å"Bug† Moran. These two gangs produced the worst event in the history and prohibition period. Prohibition time was the legality of banning the manufacture and selling of alcoholic or intoxicating drinks also the political and social actions that were after and continues supporting them. Flow of the Crime Some reason given behind the occurrence of the massacre was the frustrated murder conducted by Frank and his brother Peter Gusenberg which are from Moran’s gang to Capone’s side named as Jack â€Å"Machine Gun McGurn which was happened only earlier that same year, the murder of Pasqualino Lolordo and the said muscling of Moran to the Capone-run dog track in the Chicago suburbs and the fight regarding the Chicago bootlegging business between the two gangs. These all reasons pushed Capone to agree on the proposed attack of Jack McGurn.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Capone gang then planned the massacre and formed their tactics very well. The planned setting was on a warehouse named SMC Cartage at North Clark Street wherein the selling at a very low price by Detroits Purple Gang of high jacked bootleg whiskey also named as the smuggled Canadian whiskey will be held. But according to some investigations the real event was there were seven victims wearing clothes fitt ed for the transaction and carrying of the whiskey crates then takes it away. It was not announced to the gang regarding the garage and why they were gathered rather be given delivery by the Purple Gang. The flow of the plan was there were four men who entered the warehouse led by Fred Killer Burke, two were dressed of police officers suit and will act like policemen. The other two was on their civilian attire and would act like an ordinary citizen of the place. There were assigned persons outside the area who were hired by Capone for the success of their plans. Two thugs, Byron Bolton and Jimmy Moran, members of Purple Gang Eddie Fletcher, Harry Keywell and his brother Phil were the hired persons by Capone. This was why it was also believed for long time that the massacre was conducted by Purple Gang because of the personalities from their group who was involved in the crime.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The shooting for Moran’s men occurred in the arrival of these policemen riding in their stolen police car and civilians disguised men, 10:30 in the morning of a St. Valentines Day, February 14, 1929 on a warehouse where these men of Moran were already in that given place but not the main target Moran. The intention to execute Bugs Moran failed. Some assumption to this failure was Moran was outside the warehouse and observing the happening outside then was able to see the police car so he hides somewhere. Other assumption was because Moran was late in coming at the given time 10:30 in the morning that St. Valentine’s day for the agreement to pick up the smuggled Canadian whiskey because he was not able to leave early in his appointment with Willie Marks and Ted Newberry that very moment. He left the company of those people and proceeds to the warehouse past the given time of 10:30 morning. On the shooting side the two people who disguised themselves to be a police were carrying shotguns and entered the warehouse and saw the six men of Moran inside, the s eventh man was the mechanical man who repairs cars and does not belong to the gang. The executors commanded the seven men to face the wall with raising hands. The men followed knowing that the people who commanded them were real police. We will write a custom essay sample on The St. Valentine’s Day specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The St. Valentine’s Day specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The St. Valentine’s Day specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The policemen in disguise started to fire their guns that were distinguish as Thompson sub-machine guns. All those seven died, seven men who suffered the seventy gun bullets and two shot gun shells that attacked their bodies according on the investigation of the real authorities who handle the case. To make the situation clean, included in the plan the two men in civilian attire will pretend that they were caught and surrender themselves to the police officers in disguise after the crime was one.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚           The members of Moran’s gang who had been killed   were James, Frank Gusenberg, Peter Gusenberg, Adam Heyer, John May, Reinhart Schwimmer, and Al Weinshank. High Roller, John May Alsatian dog, became the only survivor on that tremendous event of the city. At the arrival of the real police, they heard the bark and howl of High Roller trapped on the whiskey truck in a floor flooded with the victim’s blood corpses and the remains of the g un shells. It was a big doubt for the investigators regarding such happening because the gagster posses weapons and have lots of it. They were supplied and like hell conductor of evilness in the City, their brutality was well spread in every part of their place. The question that puzzle the investigators mind was â€Å"Why would they face the wall, turn back of someone arresting them and did not even made a fight?† such puzzling questions became hard for the investigators to answer and give clarifications because it was impossible for those brutal gangster for easily did it. That was one of many questions to be answered. Although Frank Gusenberg received twenty two gun bullets he was found alive but upon arrival at Alexian Brothers Hospital he was already dead. Gusenberg did not gave chance to reveal the suspects behind the massacre that’s why it became hard for the investigators to look for the evidences and proofs to distinguish the real suspects of the crime. Only t he witness outside the garage made the compilation of events to have at least some information in order to resolve the crime. After the revelation of the massacre to the public Capone quoted† I dont give a damn killing those people.† Because in the crime that happened, Capone was not really there and that was also include in the plan, he was in San Francisco together with McGurn to have alibi when the news regarding the massacre already boomed out. After Event Situations The St. Valentine’s Day massacre became a big break to the public and media on its time. It was blunder spread in the City where the worst crime ever was held. That’s why preserving some of the places where important events occurred will be a concern. Capone with his variety of crimes and violations such as running gambling, prostitution, bootlegging and smuggling rackets and the continuous expand of his territory still he get mad and continue getting mad of his rival gang. Those gang who compete with him. With all Al Capone’s rackets, he had gained money of about sixty million dollars and with that worth he had he became the oldest and popular in line of mysteries of murders. Expenses in doing murders were not a big factor for him like what he did to Moran but he had hard time to execute his plan towards Moran personally. So in order to get rid of Moran, Capone chose to established plan underneath and get rid of Morans gang. With such, why there was a rival between the two gangs in their time. The end of rule for George â€Å"Bug† Moran’s was happened because of the St. Valentines Day Massacre but despite of those tremendous experiences he had, he still controlled the management on his territory up to the year 1930. The control was given to Chicago Outfit led by Frank Nitti. The worst crime happened on that St. Valentine’s Day though in late time attracted the attention of the federal government to study the case and cornered Capone and his criminal deeds. The proof that it was Capone’s men Jack McGurn and John Scalise who was there conducted the massacre was brought into sanction. Before the hearing of the case where John Scalise was one of the accused, he was not able to attend it because he was found dead and was murdered. McGrunt on the other hand will still pay the charges for the crime he did because of the witness of his girlfriend Louise Rolfe against him in violating the Mann Act. Capone was brought into jail for many years because of i ncome tax evasion violation in the year 1931 and in 1947 more Capone died from Syphilis at Florida. Bruke was not punished with what he did in the St. Valentine’s Day massacre but was sentenced to death when he killed the policeman of Michigan and died of heart disease last 1940. The rest of the gang who were members before of St. Loius gang was also murdered five years after the execution of the St. Valentine’s Day massacre. The warehouse where the horrible event stood was demolished last 1967. It was converted into a parking lot for a nursing home and was designed well. The bricks of the wall where the shooting of the seven victims occurred were sold bricks by bricks; it went under auction where the bricks were then owned by a Canadian businessman George Patey of Vancouver. He used the bricks as wall for the constructed restroom of Banjo Place one of bar he owned but when it was closed the bricks was sold as souvenirs. At Berrien County Sheriffs Department in Michigan the submachine guns used in the massacre was kept. The simplest way of describing the St. Valentine’s Day massacre was the worst event happened in the Prohibition era. Because of those situations, it was formed to have a movie to be view by the public so that be well informed regarding the sequence of events as the worst massacre of Chicago occurred years ago. As it was flagged in the movie industry since 1967 being a not for children movie and belonged to those movies having themes of Assassination Plots. The Movie A movie of enacting the story of St. Valentine’s Day massacre became one of the best true to life film ever made and people waiting for was an entertaining comedy, Some Like It Hot taking of the gangster kind. Two struggling musicians of Chicago Tony Curtis and Jack Lemmon were the said witness of the St. Valentines Day Massacre and try to escape the city before they are found and killed by the gangsters suspect for the crime. The only thing they can do that will pay their way is an all girl band so the two dress up like women. One thing they did was joined the girls orchestra in town far away. For disguising, the two witnesses have to change their names and made it selves Josephine and Geraldine. They then joined the girl band and went to Florida to be train. Additional to their hiding time, both of them had a conflict; they both get attracted toSugar Kane Kowalczyk, one of their lady bandmate. She was the vocalist and ukelele player of the band, as well as the sexiest among the members. They should fight for the affection while maintaining their disguises. But cant tell her his real personality, their gender, and the other has a rich suitor who will not take No for an answer. Joe then for the second time disguised his personality just to court Sugar, this was pretending as a millionaire. On the other hand a real millionaire named Osgood Fielding III, fell in love to Jerry in his Daphne personality. This all happened when they were in florida.An invitation of Osgood for Jerry/Daphne for a date one night to be with him in his yacht. Joe convinced then his friend Jerry/Daphne to give tym for the request Osgood invitation and he went on his yacht with Sugar. That very night too, Osgood proposed his endearment feelings to Daphne and because of her excitement Daphne accepted it. All of a sudden, the gangs arrived the end found Joe and Jerry again after some time passed, They arrived same with the gangs at the same hotel for a conference in honor of the Frien ds of Italian Opera. Upon their witness to that another gang rubout, the four people, Jerry, Joe, Sugar, and Osgood took themselves away the yatch of the millionaire Osgood and with this sitution Sugar told Joe that she was also in loved with Joe too. Jerry tells Osgood that he was not able to marry him for various reasons. At the end Jerry/Daphne gave him his trump card, pulling off his wig and saying Im a man!† Osgood then replied him Well, nobodys perfect. Conclusion The scenes occurred in the movie regarding this true to life massacre was cannot be avoided to edit since it was so long yeas way back happening. There were lines that vary in assumption particularly in reasoning why Moran was not killed and did not appear in the warehouse at the given time. Such variation proofs that it may not only be one of some scenes to doubt. There were still lots of variation happened on the real story happened last February 14, 1929 where in a ware house the St. Valentines Day Massacre occurred. The unending issue of war between gangs was focused by the authorities so hard yet it still continues flowing in the society. The flow of the movie showed was conceptualized by facts occurred in the reality of gang wars in Chicago. The cast in the movie performed their roles in the way of acting same as true gangs but the real event was edited though the thought regarding the reality was still there.   In some cases, the massacre that occur that St. Valentines Day i n the year 1929 had a fitted blueprint eventually.   Even though Al Capone did not gave the full detail of the flow in the massacre and how their gang planned it maybe he did allude to his future plans for that bloody Valentines Day in that time. It was mentioned to his gang mates some months later the murder occurred the plan towards Moran. He was told that in order to kill Moran he has to kill lots of people. His reply to this was Ill send flowers.

Tips and Tools for Becoming a Book Critique Expert

Tips and Tools for Becoming a Book Critique Expert Writing a Book Critique Many students face the first challenges of writing a book critique even before they get started. Unfortunately, critique is not the most common school or college task, so to succeed you should first understand what the assignment is about. Book critique is often taken for a prà ©cis, which is a compressed description of the source text. Some students also think that it is a report, which is simply a summary of the plot. Basically, a critique is a piece of writing, which aims to evaluate and analyze the source book critically. As you understand, it is quite a difficult task and consists of multiple stages and skills. You won’t find a book critique, which was written by a person, who has never read the source. That is why you should not only possess good writing and analytical skills but also have enough time to reread the analyzed book several times, making notes and drafts. If you want to succeed, follow our tips. They will help you to create a thoughtful and comprehensive book critique. Book critique format As almost any other assignment, a book critique consists of three main parts: Introduction; Body paragraphs; Conclusion. Introduction As you already get from its name, the main goal of this section is to introduce readers to the topic and give them basic information on the name of the author, title of the book, year of its publication, etc. You should also include a thesis: the key idea book’s author is trying to render. It is possible to include several sentences on your own opinion and impressions. Body paragraphs This section is surely the most important part of the whole text and contains all the details you are willing to share. Start with a summary. Usually, a book critique is read by those, who don’t know the original book. That is why you should provide maximum details on the plot, main topics and discuss organization of the book. The main goal of your summary is to draw a comprehensive picture of what the source text is about. Luckily, you don’t have to summarize every chapter: just highlight the main points. After the summary goes evaluation. It is the heart of your book critique, because here you show how well you understand the book and the reasons, which urged the author to write it. Here are a few tips you can use: Is the plot logical? Discuss whether you have noticed inconsistencies of plot development; Render your own opinion about the book’s characters. Do they look natural? Are they developed? What relationships can you mark? Who are protagonists and antagonists? Give more detailed information on text’s language. What language techniques were used? How well the thoughts were expressed? Were there any units, which could be omitted? Provide your explanation of book’s ideas. Was the author able to render them to the fullest or were they confusing? If possible, write about book’s uniqueness. Was the story interesting and new? Were there any original outlooks and ideas in the text? If you had a feeling the book simply restates someone else’s ideas and characters, include your thoughts to the critique; A nice idea will be to write about the social impact of the book. Does it have a lesson to teach? If the source text contains valuable information to enrich knowledge and experience of a certain audience, don’t hesitate to use examples! Provide your own opinion on the book. Critique is quite a subjective paper, because you have your own vision and it can’t be influenced. Mention what you liked about the book and what confused you. However, you should always prove your ideas and back them with examples from the text. Conclusion The final part of your critique should give the reader an idea whether the book is worth their attention or not. You can compare it to similar books; say if you agree with book’s author and whether you recommend it to the audience. Now you have all the necessary instruments to write a great book critique. If you have any doubts or have no time to write the assignment on your own, we recommend you to get familiar with examples online. They will help you to stick to the structure and will give the right direction.

Two different Neighborhoods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Two different Neighborhoods - Essay Example Air Pollution is the existence of chemicals, bio hazard gases (e.g. carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides, etc) and other gaseous matter within the earth’s atmosphere. These major cause of air pollution is the emission of chemical, gases, etc into the earth’s atmosphere through various ways e.g. factories emitting dangerous gases into the air, carbon dioxide emission from the motor vehicles which are run on fossil fuel, etc. The emission of gases from motor vehicles releases certain small particles which affect the vascular system of human beings and increases the potential of cardiac diseases amongst them. . A study conducted by Dr. Robert Brook and his colleagues at the University of Michigan highlighted this aspect that the traffic smoke was very dangerous for the cardiovascular system. He analyzed that after the inhalation of these particles, a certain increase in the blood pressure was witnessed, which as a result increased the heart beat those individuals. It has been re ported that tens of thousands of people lose their lives annually owing to air pollution. Air pollution is also judged to be one of the major reasons for Asthma. Recent years have shown a great pattern in which steps are taken to curb the effects of air pollution. Efforts are taken so that those products are used which are environmental friendly e.g.

Taxes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Taxes - Essay Example The country moves forward on account of the government and the government moves because of the income tax. The income tax is a way for the government to acquire money for the country and the money that is collected as the income tax is used to make country brawnier in every manner. A country is conceived to be powerful if it has a rapid growth process in every field such as Science and Aeronautics, Information Technology, Army & Navy Forces, Education, Civil Services, Film industry and many more. If it seems like the taxation laws are changing every second you around, it's not your imagination. If you see, over the past eight years, changes to the Tax Code have been made at a rate of more than one a day. According to the National Taxpayer Advocate office, there were 500 alterations in 2008 solely. Many of them concerned to the 2009 tax year. Amongst countries that serve as the base location for significant global businesses, the US now stands alone as the only country with both the worldwide taxation system and the corporate taxation rate over 30%. The Administration’s offers would further cut off the US in terms of taxation policy and further disadvantages US businesses competing in the global marketplace. At a time when the rest of the world is cutting down the tax burden on the foreign operations of domestic parties, the Administration’s proposals would importantly raise the taxation burden on the foreign activities of US companies, which would have substantial implications for all stakeholders and the US economy more largely.

Strategic Analysis for Deep Sea World (North Queensferry, Edinburgh) Essay - 1

Strategic Analysis for Deep Sea World (North Queensferry, Edinburgh) - Essay Example Alongside, the analysis also revealed that the company has to re-engineer its visitor experience that is over decade old in order to increase the number of visitors and market share in the UK leisure industry. The PEST analysis on the external factors influencing the business revealed that the company has to review its pricing policies and control costs in order to gain competitive advantage in the business. Furthermore, the analysis also revealed that the company meets most of the external factors like health and safety, etc making it evident that the company has a strong position in the target market and has strong future prospects for growth. Attractions for leisure and recreation in the UK are increasing in geometric progression as argued by Isla Gower (2004). The increase in the driving habits of the people in UK with the increasing demand for new attractions has increased the need for an innovative and customer focused approach to this business segment of the leisure industry. In this report a critical Strategic analysis on the Deep Sea World attraction of Edinburgh is presented to the reader. 1.1.1: Objective 1: The report comprises of the SWOT analysis of the organization identifying the areas where the company should focus for increasing its potential in the business. The SWOT analysis also facilitates the ability to identify the company’s current position in the market, which is essential to accomplish strategic decisions for the organization. 1.1.2: Objective 2: Alongside in order to identify the external factors influencing the business are analysed using the PEST analysis where the Political, Economic, Social and Technological factors external to the business is presented to the reader. The aforementioned mission statement identified from the organization’s core strategies makes it clear that the company strives to

Analysis Of The Cuban Missile Crisis History Essay

Analysis Of The Cuban Missile Crisis History Essay Introduction The Cuban Missile Crisis was an event occurred in October 1962 when the USA detected that the USSR had deployed medium range missiles in Cuba, which was ninety miles away from Florida. It was the period that the cold war reached its peak because of the possible confrontation between the two superpowers, the US and the USSR, at the time. The Cuban Missiles Crisis was a very important part of the world history because of the risk of nuclear war that could lead to the destruction of the world. Therefore, it is very fascinating to identify what happen before the crisis, the causes, the actual events in the crisis, and the impacts of the crisis (Rich 2003, 416-428). Prior to the Crisis The Cuban Revolution, began in 1956, was the outcome of extensive economic oppression of Cuba by the USA. During Batistas, the ruthless ruler of Cuba, regime, Cuba per capita income was twice greater than other countries in general. The Cuban economy was controlled by the USA, which owned 90% of Cubas telephone and electronic services, 50% of Cubas railway, and 40% of Cubas sugar production (Johnson 1965,p 443). Furthermore, the USA put a very strict controlled on Cuban sugar production. The USA also controlled Cuban import quota, divided lands in to estates, and forced the Cuban farmers to grow monoculture crop, which was sugar (Dye Sicotte 2011, p.674). These USAs investments in Cuba were massive. By the end of Batistas rule, Cuba had the highest investment from the USA than any other countries in Latin America at that time; thus, Cubas per capital income was the highest in Latin America (Johnson 1965, p. 445). However, the distribution of wealth was not equally distributed. The ma jority of people were illiterate, and the mortality rate was very high because the health care system was not extended to the poor in the rural areas, who remained in poverty (Mabry 2003). Furthermore, Batista was a corrupted dictator, and a pro western ruler. These political and economic oppressions from Batiste and the USA inspired Fidel Castro, the charismatic revolution leader, to revolt for reforms (Rich 2003, p. 417). Between 1956 to 1959, Fidel Castro, Ernesto Che Guevera, and his younger brother Rual used the tactic Guerilla warfare to fight against Batistas army at Mount Sierra Maestra in Cuba where he gained support from the local framers. The guerrilla warfare proved to be successful. On January 1959, Castro and his troops were able to overthrown Batista and his government. After the overthrown of Batista government, Fidel Castro set up a shadow government consisted of major Cuban political figures. Still, the majority of power was in the hand of Castro. When the shadow government failed to put forward his reforms, he dismissed them, and took control of the government as he appointed himself Cubas prime minister (Rich 2003, p 418). Two months after the victory of the Guerrilla force, Castro paid his first visit to the USA where his story was romanticized by the media. He was supposed to have a meeting with Eisenhower; however, the President refused to have a meeting with him, and went to the golf court. He was accommodated by Nixon, who was the vice president at that time. During the meeting, he refused to accept USA financial support because he believed that it would continue the USA influence in Cuba. After Castro visited the USA, the relation between the USA and Cuba began to decline (Rich 2003, 419). One month after the visit, Fidel Castro began his reforms. He nationalized Cuban lands, cattle ranch, bank, railroads, oil, and other utilities, which were once owned by the USA (Perez 2011, p. 230-231). On the other hands, the relation between the Cuba and the USSR had become more dynamic. In order to reach economic independency from the USA, Castro turned to the USSR for support. As a result, in 1960, Cuba trade with the USA declined to 0%; while, trade with the USSR increased to 43% (Leogrande Thomas 2002, p 325-363). The Bay of Pig Invasion The Bay of Pig Invasion, January 3, 1961, was the CIAs plan to overthrown Castro government by launching thousand of Cuban exiles on Cubas Bay of Pigs believing that only thousand of trained exiles would be able to overthrown Castro government. However, the mission was a total failure because the Cuban army was already waiting for the Cuban exiles at the Bay of Pigs. As a result, one hundred people were killed and thousands of people were taken as political prisoners. The Bay of Pigs invasion was the last Eisenhower administration plan, which took action during Kennedy presidency (Rich 2003,p. 420). There were several reasons for the causes of the Bay of Pigs Invasion. However, the main reason was the US insecurity of its decline in Latin America domination. The USA based their policy on Latin America policy accordingly to the Monroe Doctrine, which stated that the USA must contain its influence in the Latin America (Perez 2011, P.233). In other words, the idea that the communist Cub a could influence other Latin America countries to transform their political systems to communism was intolerable for the USAs standard (Ferguson 1961, 288-290). Causes The Soviet Unions Hidden Agendas There were several reasons for the USSR to installed missile in Cuba. According to Khrushchev, his two main motives were to balance the missile gap between the USA and the USSR, and to prevent any further America invasion on Cuba (Cimbala 1999, p. 199). Khrushchev believed that the only way to prevent Cuba from the USA invasion was to install missiles in Cuba (Allyn et al 1989-1990, p.138). He believed that it would protect the Cuban national pride. Moreover, in 1959, the US installed Jupiter and Thor missiles, intermediate-range ballistic missiles, in Turkey, which pointed directly at the USSR. Furthermore, during the 50s and the 60s the US had advanced the USSR in terms of the arm race, therefore, Khrushchev decided to deploy missiles in Cuba as a mean to for the USSR to reach symmetry with the USA, which would provide him with negotiation power for the missile trade. He wanted to propose to US that the USSR would remove missiles from Cuba if the USA would remove missiles from Turk ey (Allyn, Blight Welch 1989-1990, p.139). His motive to reach symmetry in terms of arm race with the USA could be seen as a mean for the USSR to boost its nation prestige. If the USA could deploy missiles in Turkey and Italy, the USSR could also deploy missiles in Cuba, which was ninety miles away from the USA (ibid). Nevertheless, President John F. Kennedy already planned to remove the Jupiter missiles from Turkey. (Berstein 1980, p. 120-121). Thus, there should be hidden agendas under Khrushchevs actions. According to many American scholars, the deployment of missiles in Cuba were Khrushchevs plans to test USA reaction for future war, to demonstrate the USSR nuclear superiority to the Soviet and Chinese governments, to persuade the USA that the arm race was useless, and to increase Khrushchev popularity at home and in the Communist bloc, so that he could have freedom to reduce USSR arm built (Cimbala 1999, p. 199). Cuban insecurity The main reason for Cuba agreement on the installation of missile with the USSR was its insecurity. After the Bay of Pig Invasion in 1961, the CIA planed many assassin plots on Fidel Castro. According to the BBC, the CIA and the Cuban exiles came up with more than 600 plots to assassinate him. The plots varied from poisoning, car bombs, to massive underwater explosion. The suspects involved in the plot varied from the mafias to one of Castros ex lovers (Campbell 2009, n.d.). One of the assassination plots that actually took place was a strafe in Havana hotel by Alpha 66, which killed several Cubans and Soviet technicians (Brenner 1990, p.121). On the same hand, the USA began a serious trade embargo against Cuba. If other countries trade with Cuba, they would not receive financial aids from the USA. The Cuban government viewed the USs policy as a mean to weakening the Castro government by weakening Cubas economy (Brenner 1990, p. 188). Moreover, the Cuban intelligent discovered that t he CIA planed another invasion on Cuba, Operation Mongoose, which would be more substantial than the previous invasion. In order for the Cuban government to protect Cuba sovereignty, they believed that they need military aids from the USSR (Brenner 1990, p. 189). Therefore, Castro decided to let the USSR installed missiles on their island. The Crisis and the Resolution In 1962, the USSR sent a cargo ship to Cuba. The ship carried sixty missiles with forty launchers, and 40,000 Soviet technicians for the deployment of middle range missiles in Cuba (Kozak 2009, p. 19). On October 14, the U-2, USA spy plane, spotted missiles in Cuba, which pointed directly to the US. The US intelligent informed the President on October 17 (Berstein 1980, p.9). After the President was informed, there was a meeting between President John F. Kennedy and the EXCOMM, the Committee of the national Security. Many plans were proposed during the meeting. One of the most obvious plans was the scheme to use air strike to remove missiles from Cuba. However, Robert Kennedy, John F. Kennedys younger brother, advised the President not to use air strike because there was no way to guarantee that the air strike could remove all of the missiles from Cuba. If the air strike could not remove all missiles from Cuba, it would give the Cubans time to deploy missiles against the USA. Similar ly to the air strike, any military strikes against the Cuban could lead the Cubans to deploy missiles against the USA. Therefore, President Kennedy and his advisors came up with the naval blockade method as a way to deal with the Cubans (Rich 2003, p. 422). On October 22 John F. Kennedy announced to the media that the Cubans had deployed missiles against the USA with the aid from the USSR. He informed the media of the quarantine, naval blockade, as a mean to bloc USSR ship that carried missile to Cuba, and if the USSR did not turn or stop its cargo ships from entering Cuba, there would be consequences (Weimasma, Larson 1997, p. 13). However, the USSRs cargo ships did not turn back, but its cargo ships did not break the USA quarantine. It seemed that the confrontation between the USSR and the US could happen anytime (Weimasma, Larson 1997, p. 13). Nevertheless, from October 22 to 28, President JFK and Chairman Khrushchev exchanged several letters. Kennedy received Khrushchevs second letter on October 26. The letter proposed that the USSR would remove missiles from Cuba if the USA removed the Jupiter missiles from Turkey and, and that JFK must make a promise in front of the public that the USA would never invade Cuba (Thinkquest Cuban m issile crisis: letters, 1997). On October 27, one day after Khrushchev second letter was sent, the USs U-2 plane was shot down in Cuba. This act was seen by some of American politician as an invitation to start war. This is the quote from Secretary of Defense McNamara `This means war with the Soviet Union. However, because of the secret meeting between Robert Kennedy and Soviet ambassador Dobrynin, the situation was able to cool down. Robert Kennedy assured that the President would remove the missiles in Turkey (Weimasma, Larson 1997, p. 21) On October 28, JFK sent Khrushchev another letter proposed that in exchange for the USSR to uninstall missiles from Cuban soil within the UN inspection, the USA would never invade Cuba, and secretly uninstall missiles from Turkey. Khrushchev accepted the proposal from President Kenndy; thus, both countries were able to resolve their conflicts. In essence, the Cuban Missile Crisis was able to resolve because the USA accepted the USSR proposal. I t removed missiles from Turkey, and made a public announcement that it would never invade Cuba. On the same hand, Khrushchev accepted the USA proposal, and uninstalled missiles from Cuba within inspectors from UN observation (Thinkquest Cuban missile crisis: letters, 1997). Nevertheless, JFKs motives to secretly remove of the missiles in Turkey and Italy should be emphasized. Why would he need to do it secretly? According to many scholars, he was afraid of national resistance from the government and the American citizens as well as losing support from them (Weimasma, Larson 1997, p. 23). Impacts The Cuban Missiles Crisis left several impacts on the USA and the USSR foreign policy. The first impact was the increase in communication between the US and the USSR. Because of the crisis, both superpowers had realized that they needed to improve communication between the two countries to prevent any forms of crisis from occurring again (Rich 2003, p.425). As a result, a hotline was installed between the USAs president and the USSRs chairman (ibid). Moreover, because of the potential confrontation between the two superpowers, which could lead to nuclear war, President Kennedy began to favor the idea of coexistence (Billingsley, p.6). Therefore, after the crisis, there was a temporary period of dà ©tente, the period that the cold war heat cools down (Billingsley p.7). In addition, in August 5, 1963, the USA and the USSR both signed the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. The treaty forbidden the testing of nuclear weapons on the earth surface, space, and underwater (Rich 2003, p.427). However, the treaty itself was futile because it did not stop the built up of nuclear weapons, and prevent China from obtaining the nuclear weapons on the following year (Rich 2003, p. 428). Subsequently, the USA and the USSR continue the arm race for another twenty five years. They also competed in terms of strategic gaining (Billingsley p.6). Furthermore, the treaty caused the relation between the USSR and China to decline. Because of the treaty, China concluded that the USSR was being weak, and more importantly, sold its soul to the capitalist camp. Hence, China broke out from the USSRs spear of influence and gained the status of superpower by itself. This caused the balance of power to become imbalance (Rich 2003, p. 428). After the Cuban Missile Crisis, most of the USs oversea policy was focused on the Americanization of Vietnam and the Vietnam War, which required full attention from the USA military resources (Rich 2003, p. 423). Conclusion In conclusion, the major events prior to the Cuban Missile Crisis were the Cuban Revolution, and the Bay of Pigs Invasion. The main causes of the crisis were the Soviet Union hidden agendas and the Cuban insecurity, which was caused by the United States of America. During the crisis, President John F. Kennedy and Chairman Khrushchev exchanged many letters before the resolution could be made. The period of the crisis was the period that the cold war reached its peak because both superpowers almost confront each other. If they had confronted each other, the use of nuclear weapons could have happened. After the crisis, the USSR removed missiles from Cuba under the UN supervision in exchanged for the USA to remove the Jupiter missiles in Turkey, and to never invade Cuba. The impacts of the Cuban Missile Crisis were the improvement in communication between the USA and the USSR. A hot line was established between both countries leaders. Moreover, President Kennedy began to view the USA rel ationship with the USSR in terms of coexistence. As a result, there was a period of detente, and agreement of the Nuclear Test Treaty Ban, which was signed by the USA and the USSR. However, the nuclear competition still continued for the next 25 years. Furthermore, both countries began the competition in the new area, which was the strategic competition.

Microfluidic Systems :: essays research papers

Microfluidic Systems The ready market availability of porous membranes with cylindrical pores of 15-200 nm and a thickness of 6-10 à ¬m facilitates the development of three dimensional analytical unit operation devices on an attaLiter scale. By employing these membranes as gates at the interface of two crossed microfluidic channels, the rate and direction of the fluid exchange can be controlled with electrical potential, polarity, solution ionic strength or diameter of the nanocapillary1. The microfluidic channels, fabricated by soft lithography, have been used for a decade. Dr. Paul W. Bohn, Centennial Professor of Chemical Sciences at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, sees the advance to multilayered liquid chromatography as a key step in the development of micro total analysis systems (à ¬TAS), which would involve such new applications as injection, collection, mixing, switching and detection. Recently he has been studying the analyte responses to various constraints applied to the sys tem and its deviations in behavior from that of a similar system on the macro scale.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Microfluidic channels are a convenient and durable means of fluid transport made of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS), a common polymer with non-polar side groups. PDMS is durable, highly flexible and elastic, oxygen permeable and very hydrophobic2. It also has negative surface charge density at pH 81. The method of soft lithography allows for rapid deposition of complex crossed two dimensional fluid pathways on a silicon wafer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The membrane containing these nanopores is a 6 – 10 micron thick polycarbonate nuclear track-etched membrane (PCTE) that has been coated with poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) to make it hydrophilic. This coating results in a pH of 8 in the system3. The pores in the membrane are cylindrical and of diameters in the range of 15 – 200 nm. The size of these pores are of the same order of magnitude of the Debye length (à ª-1) of the ionic interactions in solution (1 nm < à ª-1 < 50 nm) when the ionic strength is in the millimmolar range1.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The small physical character of the nanopore allows for a change in ionic strength of the solution to be sufficient to alter the interaction between the solution and the nanopore. By merely changing the concentration, the nature of the flow induced by electrical potential can be switched between electrophoresis and electro osmosis1.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The direction of the flow can be controlled by the size of the nanopore. At large pore sizes, the negative surface charge density on the microfluidic channel caused by the slightly basic pH of the system

Tsinelas

Garcia, Kimberly G. August 24, 2012 ENG 10 – WFW5 Concept Paper (Final Draft); 1,910 words Juan Dela Cruz’s Flip Flops The capacity to think introspectively – to wonder about the world within – is one that is unique to mankind, and one that has led to age-old search for identity. Perhaps more intriguing than questions about the physical are questions about the world that cannot be seen, but that is felt in every aspect of life. This unseen world comprises things that may seem mundane, such as beliefs, principles, traditions, and culture, but those are an essential part of the fabric of human nature.This unseen world is the world of identity. Because the Filipinos are a diverse group, this question is of great interest. What is distinctly Filipino, and what does this translate to in terms of who the Filipino is? To answer this, at least in part, an artifact of culture must be found that transcends regional boundaries and socioeconomic status. This object, a lbeit in varying forms, is a quite essential part of the Filipino household. And for a people of an island nation, it has become an extension of the body itself.This paper aims to draw insights about Filipino identity from an object so familiar, so simple; yet one that has been a part of every Filipino’s life – the tsinelas. It defines the tsinelas as not only a staple footwear in the Philippines but also a reflection of what being Filipino is. In construction, basic rubber slippers are very simple. The body of these rubber shoes is nothing more than a comfortable sole; the foot rests on the sole, which is secured to the front area of the foot in one of two ways.The traditional design includes a simple band that spans the top of the foot in the area between the instep and the toes. Attached to this band is a small loop that fits neatly between the big and second toes. The heel of the slipper is left open, allowing it to flop as the individual walks (†What are Rub ber Slippers? †). This gives the tsinelas its unique oblong look with a y-shaped band. It usually comes in different sizes and colors and also in a variety of designs for those who love cartoons and for those who want the face of their favourite actor or actress on their footwear.Flip flops are a common sight in the markets of the Philippines. The reason for their popularity is because they are both cheap and convenient to wear especially in a country of wet and dry seasons, where it is too hot to wear socks and shoes and where it is too uncomfortable to have wet shoes and socks during the rainy season. The origin of the tsinelas dates back to the barter trade among other nations. This footwear was brought long ago to the Philippines by the Chinese merchants, but the name ‘tsinelas’ evolved from the word â€Å"chinela† (slippers) came from the Spaniards.Since then, it has become the staple footwear among the Filipinos despite the fact that there were other forms of footwear before the tsinelas was introduced. For instance, â€Å"bakya† and â€Å"abaca slippers† are also uniquely Filipino footwear. The ‘bakya’, which is made out of thick wood with a band of leather or some other similar material attached to each end of the sides of the body with a nail, has been deemed uncomfortable and inconvenient for everyday use compared to ‘abaca slippers’ and ‘tsinelas’.Nowadays, it seen only paired with traditional Filipino clothes or costumes. ‘Abaca slippers’, which is made out of abaca, a species of banana plant which are harvested for their strong fibre called Manila hemp (†Abaca† 1), are cheap and are highly praised for their durability and lightness, characteristics footwear should have. Why then are these not the staple footwear in the Philippines? Unfortunately, the abaca is difficult to process and most of the abaca the country produces is exported.Abaca slipp ers are also difficult to find in the markets compared to the slippers, and they are more expensive than the tsinelas. Ergo, the tsinelas got its position as the staple footwear of the Filipinos. However, these have more significance than just being a form of footwear. â€Å"Tsinelas† or rubber slippers are an integral part of Filipino culture, pervading aspects like social status and practicality, as well as, a tool of discipline and a prop in uniquely Filipino games. The tsinelas plays an integral role in every Filipino’s youth.It does not only serve as a vessel through which the youth can achieve their dreams but it also serves as two important objects in molding their characters. The tsinelas serves an object of discipline and fear for Filipino children. Much like the bamboo stick that the old Chinese man uses to threaten or spank the ‘bad’ children with in the movies, the tsinelas is also the favourite tool of the Filipino adult to discipline a child with. The tsinelas has been used by adults to spank, preferably the buttocks, of children as punishment for something that they have done wrong.When a child starts to throw a tantrum, the adult would take off his/her tsinelas and hold it in one hand. Then the child suddenly turns quiet, as if the tsinelas was a magical silencing tool. The tsinelas becomes an object of fear among the Filipino children because of such circumstances. However, the youth have managed to turn the tsinelas as something that they fear into something that they can readily play and have fun with. It becomes a prop in uniquely Filipino games.These types of games become a common sight in the streets of the Philippines, whether in the province or in the city. The most famous of these games is the Tumbang Preso or Chinelas Lata where each player brings a slipper which they use to topple a can in the middle of a circle, the objective of the player to get back to the slipper and get to the other side of the base wi thout being caught by the guard who also brings the can back into position (â€Å"Tumbang-Preso† 2). Another one is the Shakay where the circle is small and playing field is smaller in size.The rules are the same as softball. The player uses feet to play the slipper thrown toward the player and score (â€Å"Games† 2). Pinoy flip flops do not only hold significance in a Filipino’s childhood. They still continue to hold significance through adolescence and adulthood and play a role in domestic and social life as well. The tsinelas has been used by so many generations that it has become a part of social culture. For instance, the branding of flip flops has turned them into a subtle status symbol.In the past, the wearing of tsinelas was regarded as something the people of low status would wear outside the home. However, as Lauren Dado, a well know Filipino blogger, asserts: What’s incredibly interesting about this whole slipper fad is that two years ago, if y ou decided to wear tsinelas to a school like Ateneo, people would look down on you or think you were poor or something†¦my school imposed a dress code on the tricycle drivers that could go in Ateneo, and one of the no-nos was- you guessed it- wearing of slippers (â€Å"Sinelas, Tsinelas, or Chinelas? †).Moreover, the tsinelas was seen by many Filipinos as something as should not be worn in hotels or big malls because is presents a ‘street look’ of the poor to middle class Filipinos. In fact, the term ‘bakya crowd’, which is a term described as the larger population that consists of citizens of the lower class, is now referred to as the ‘tsinelas crowd’. But the term ‘tsinelas crowd’ has evolved from the term ‘bakya crowd’, in a way that the ‘tsinelas crowd’ now refers to street protesters, so called because of the cheap rubber slippers that are worn by them (Patajo-Legasto 421).Recently, the ts inelas have transformed from being a form of low status into a form of high status. The tsinelas have evolved to become a fashion trend and more are using the western term ‘flip flops’ to refer to the tsinelas. According to Smith in â€Å"The Evolution of Flip Flops†: They have since evolved from beach walks to concrete pavement and have taken on a more preppy look. Not only do men wear them at the beach but also when going to the mall or dining out with friends. The revolutionary sandals like the [Lacoste] Palison leather footwear are now [classier] and savvy (par. ). Indeed, the tsinelas has now become a fashion craze resulting to many brands that are now out in the market. A few years ago, the most common tsinelas was the Beachwalk slippers, the cheapest ones that can be bought from the stores that are usually white in body color with different rubber strap colors such as red, blue and yellow that is below a hundred pesos or even the infamous Islander ‘T ibay ng Orig’ slippers. Who would have thought many brands of tsinelas- or in this case the most proper term would be flip flops- would emerge?Who would have thought that one day there would be a tsinelas that is worth one thousand pesos or more? The emergence of expensive brands of tsinelas (flip flops), such as Havaianas and Crocs, led to the evolution of the tsinelas from a footwear unworthy of being worn to the mall to a footwear worthy of being worn in malls, at fancy beach resorts, and even in hotels. Although there are still cheap tsinelas out there, it is not looked down upon as much as before. The tsinelas remain an essential part of the most intimate Filipino things – the home.It does not only play a part in our social life. The tsinelas has been the footwear that most Filipinos seek comfort from at home after wearing shoes for a whole day. At the end of the day, the first thing that is done is to taking off the shoes and putting on the tsinelas. In a classic Filipino home setting, the tsinelas are aligned from biggest to smallest at the bottom of the staircase or near the door. As each member of the family comes home, they replace their shoes with their tsinelas, which also becomes a convenient way of finding out if a family member is already home.There are always ‘extra tsinelas’ for guests and visitors. The tsinelas is also used as way of showing hospitality to guests. The tsinelas is offered to the guest by the owners of the home, often insisting that the guest should remove his shoes to be more comfortable. It is also deemed unusual for Filipinos if a person wears his shoes all day inside the house. It is as if the Filipinos have created a rule of ‘no wearing shoes inside the house’ that it is necessary for every member of the family to have a tsinelas.The Filipinos also have created a new classification of tsinelas, the ‘tsinelas panlabas’ or tsinelas for outside the home and the ‘tsine las panloob’ or tsinelas for inside the home, which is strictly imposed in many homes in the Philippines. Pinoy flip flops have also been a way to show love and respect to the elders. Most Filipino children were taught to deliver the tsinelas to their parents and/or grandparents as soon as they get home. This is one of the most unique traditions that Filipinos have.In conclusion, Juan Dela Cruz’s flip flops, the tsinelas, is something uniquely Filipino. The tsinelas become more than a reflection of individual taste or class – they are a mirror of the Filipino people. It becomes a reflection of Filipino ingenuity and practicality. Works Cited: â€Å"ABACA (Musa textilis). † Global Facilitation Unit for Underutilized Species. cropsforthefuture. org. Web. 4 Aug. 2012. Dado, Lauren. â€Å"Evolution of Flip Flops. † Sinelas, Tsinelas, or Chinelas?. Ang Sapatos ni Juan dela Cruz. Blogspot, 15 Jan. 2008. Web. 4 Aug. 2012. Games Played by the Native Childr en in the Philippines. † Uupcc. org. n. d. Web. 4 Aug. 2012. Patajo-Legasto, Priscelina. Philippine Studies: Have We Gone Beyond St. Louis? Quezon City: The University of the Philippines Press, 2008. 421. Print. Smith, Diana. â€Å"The Evolution of Flip Flops. † Ezine Articles. Ezinearticles. com, 23 Jan. 2011. Web. 4 Aug. 2012. â€Å"Tumbang-Preso. † Tagalog Lang: Filipino Culture. n. d. Web. 4 Aug. 2012. â€Å"What are Rubber Slippers? † wiseGEEK: Clear Answers for Common Questions. wisegeek. com, n. d. Web. 4 Aug. 2012.

Beyond The Burning Time Character Analyasis essays

Beyond The Burning Time Character Analyasis essays Beyond the Burning Time by Kathryn Lasky is a wonderful novel about the truth and lies of the Salem Witch Trials. During this time, one is either an accuser or the accused. The Chase family is desperately trying to keep calm. Mary Chase, the young daughter of widowed Virginia Chase, and younger sister of Caleb Chase is trying to understand what is going on around her. Mary Chase will not be drawn into the scandal of the Salem Witch Trials, instead she is persistently trying to free her mother from the lies set against her, while trying to help her family survive this crazy time of false accusations and incrimination. Mary Chase is unlike the other girls in Salem Town. She never has any free time to become drawn into the mischeif going on in the town. "And they find the days long. They're not like you, young Mary. You're so busy helping your dear mother on the farm you never have time to think about such things" (Lasky, 32). Mary must help her mother with running the family business, since her father died, and her older brother is being apprentice at the same shipyard where her father was master carpenter before he died. Mary has set chores, which she must perform daily in order to keep the farm properly running. Her daily chores include, mucking out the barn, shimming the fence, helping with the cooking, and sopping the runt piglets. These must be done everyday, or else the farm will not be able to properly function, and if the farm cannot properly function then they will lose money and become poor. The chores are a necessity to the survival of the Chase farm. Persistance seems to be Mary's middle name. She never lets anything rest, even when it seems that everyone else has given up hope. "Mary seems to have more energy, more imagination. Her mind is endlessly working on a plan for escape. But Caleb's mind locks on those terrible stuffed bundles swinging from the tree limbs on Gallows Hill" (Lasky, 214). Continually, Mary is try...

Internet Security Fraud essays

Internet Security Fraud essays The internet has played a major roll in the development of business and domestic industries. It is an everyday element in each and everyones lives. Through chat, surfing, shopping and banking. But society has now been confronted with the issue of security, primarily security in relation to internet banking. As most people know internet banking is a service provided which enables banking to take place in the comfort of our homes. It has revolutionised the way banking is performed. It is well noted that security is a number one priority in carrying out these objectives, as internet banking deals with a lot of financial information which if in the case where the information may escape, great consequences may result. This issue targets most of todays society as the majority engage in online transactions be it banking, chatting or shopping. The implementation of effective security measures provides users with peace of mind and a sense of trust in completing online transactions. To assist with this, the thorough education of users in the areas of security, risks and precautions in relation to the use of internet banking must be carried out to ensure that the most effective and safe procedure is being completed. The main target of online fraudsters is internet banking this issue will be discussed throughout the report. 2.1.1 Internet banking is an everyday bank with a virtual nature which is available to customers 24 hours 7 days a week. Internet banking provides services that banks offer such has the transfer of money from two separate accounts, viewing of account balances and other transactions in the comfort of your home. Internet banking is provided by the majority of major banks in the form of a webpage which lists users accounts and provides a vast variety of options and actions to be carried out while being secure. All customers of major ban ...

Tourism industry Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

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The reason why celebrities famous 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The reason why celebrities famous 2 - Essay Example Those who have it and know it rises to the top and those without or rather haven’t known it yet are always left behind. This is evident in youtube where celebrities are unveiled on a daily basis (Hirsen, para 3). Actually, this is the basic premise behind all the success stories one can see in youtube. All individuals in Hollywood have enough claim to be labeled the title â€Å"celebrities." After all the reason, one knows they exist is because they are who they are and by that they have become successful from their performances in Hollywood. This does not take into consideration at all the people who have as much talent as them or even more. These talented people showcase their expertise via the internet. With the high usage of technology, young people have taken being a celebrity into their own hands by downloading videos into youtube so that they can share with the world, making them overnight celebrities. The audience in return enjoys the performance given by the youtube stars as they are original as compared to Hollywood stars (Hirsen, para 9). All in all, the article written by Hirsen clearly shows that the trending celebrities are youtube stars. They are mostly teenagers. These stars employ the aspect of talent into amusing individuals. Clearly, this shows that success and talent are facets that are not worlds apart, rather

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THE EVOLUTION OF AMERICAN FOREGIN POLICY SINCE THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION - Essay Example After a brief but important war with Spain in 1898, the United States became, almost at once, a world power with distant colonial possessions. While some Americans believed that their national identity suited them for such overseas expansion, others questioned it. In addition, reformers began to demand greater involvement on the part of government in solving the problems of the poor and the helpless and of protecting the nation’s natural resources. Several factors contributed to the new idea of overseas expansion. New railroad lines and government land policies brought a flood of settlers to the American West. The desirable land there was quickly settled. When the Bureau of Census officially announced the end of the frontier in 1890, some Americans began to fear that the nation’s opportunities for growth would end. Another factor in the growing interest in expansion was American nation’s rapidly increasing production of goods. By the late 1800s American farms and factories turned out increasing amounts of crops and manufactured goods. American began to seek out new markets for those goods that could not be sold at home. Foreign markets for these surplus goods were considered essential for the nation’s continued economic growth. (Hall, 1999) In the late 1800s a new spirit of imperialism, the policy of extending one country’s rule over other nations and colonies, developed in Europe. Great Britain, France and Germany colonized Africa and turned eagerly toward Asia. Some Americans shared this spirit. Some believed that American empire would help less fortunate people all around the world. These Americans believed that the cultures of Asia, Africa, and Latin America were inferior to American and European cultures. They believed Americans had a duty to civilize these people by showing them American ways of governing and working. American missionaries also

The Differences Between an Associate Degree Nurse and Bachelor Degree Nurse Essay Example for Free

The Differences Between an Associate Degree Nurse and Bachelor Degree Nurse Essay Throughout history, a nurse has been defined as a person caring for the sick(Merriam-Webster, Inc. , 2004, p. 853). At the completion of school, whether from an Associate Degree in Applied Science or a Bachelor of Science Degree, all candidates must pass the national licensure exam. This enables the new graduate nurse to practice as a registered nurse. This new R. N. graduate is permitted to work in health care facilities in entry level positions. Both begin their career similarly with an extended orientation period being mentored by a seasoned colleague. Orientation is a probation period which grants the new employee time to become acclimated to the new facilities policies and procedures, as well as time for the facility to evaluate the new employees progress. Close supervision is required, as well as hands-on-hours, to order for the graduate nurse to gain confidence in the new work environment. (Goulette, 2010, p. 2) Is there a difference between the nurse with an associates degree and the nurse with a bachelor degree since the RN licensure test is the identical and both begin their employment with an extended orientation, as well as tight supervision? One difference is the amount of education. ADN programs, offered by junior or community colleges, can be completed in two to three years. BSN programs, college or university offered, take four years to complete. Time is not the only difference in their schooling. The BSN program places emphasis on general education requirements in the first two years. It is the latter two years where nursing is the center of attention. The criteria needed for the baccalaureate program includes liberal arts education, patient safety, quality of care, research based practice, health care funding, collaborative care, and preventive medicine in communities. (American Association of Colleges of Nursing [AACN], 2008, p. 3) The ADN or technical programs essentially delete some of the generalized educational courses and devote the attention exclusively on nursing which correlates to more hands on experience. This focus is adapted to primarily prepare the ADN student for more day to day nursing activities. In 1952, Mildred Montag, in response to the nursing shortage, designed a program to counter the college level nursing programs. An associate degree was the end result. (Haase, 2006, p.1) To answer the question posed: Is the nursing education level a contributing issue in the deliverance of quality care and patient safety? The American Association of Colleges of Nursing believes that baccalaureate prepared nurses like other health care providers, practice at a higher level. Nurses processing a Bachelors Degree are molded to adapt to the changing health care environment and its demands. This can be accomplished by leadership development, as well as critical thinking emphasizing health promotion and disease prevention across all environments of care. (American Association of Colleges of Nursing [AACN], 2012, p. 1) With the health care system changing so rapidly, it is important that nurses are autonomous. It is necessary, as patient advocates, that we understand the cause and effect of all entities involving our patients. Critical thinking and making the correct judgment call clinically is vital. A patient situation which comes to mind is an 86 year old female, weighing 50kg, Vital Signs: Blood Pressure: 80/50, Heart Rate: 102 (Sinus Tachycardia), Respirations: 20, Saturation: 94% on room air, Hemoglobin: 7. 0 and trending downward over the last three days. The patient complained of chest pain, mid-sternum radiating to jaw, and shortness of breath. This assessment differs from the initial assessment at the beginning of the shift. The nurse informed the physician, placed the patient on oxygen, administered intravenous fluids, removed any nitrate patches, performed an electrocardiogram, suggested that blood be obtained for type and cross to be sent to the lab. The RN remained at the patients bedside, continually monitoring the vital signs and assessing the patients condition. The bedside nurse is exhibiting proficiency in the ability to think critically by making a nursing diagnosis, initiating nursing interventions, and evaluating the results. In the above example of critical thinking, it remains difficult to conclude whether level of education or years of experience are the determining factor in the delivery of patient care. For many years there has been an ongoing debate throughout the nursing community on the importance of knowing that versus knowing how. What seems clear is that vast general, as well as nursing knowledge can only benefit the profession and the patients we serve. ? References American Association of Colleges of Nursing. (2008). Essentials of baccalaureate education for professional nursing practice. Retrieved from www. aacn. nche. edu American Association of Colleges of Nursing. (2012). The Impact of Education on Nursing Practice. Retrieved from http://www. aacn. nche. edu/media-relations/fact-sheets/impact-of-edcation Creasia, J. L. , Friberg, E. E. (2011). CONCEPTUAL FOUNDATIONS: The Bridge to Professional Nursing Practice (5th ed. ). St Louis, MO: Mosby Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Goulette, C. (2010). Nursing (Job) Shortage. New Grads are Finding the Job Hunt Tough. â€Å". Retrieved from nursing. advanceweb. com/ Haase, P. (2006). The origins and rise of associate degree nursing education. Retrieved from www. noadn. org Merriam-Webster, Inc. (2004). Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary. In F. C. Mish (Ed. ), Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (Eleventh Edition, p. 853). Springfield, Massachusettes, USA: John M Morse.

The struggle against Mexicos drug cartels

The struggle against Mexicos drug cartels A vacation to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico followed the New Year of 2009. I had spent time with locals, purchased their handcrafted souvenirs, and visited monumental tourist attractions. My travel led me to believe that Mexico is a country of warm weather and beautiful sightseeing; at the time of my vacation I had been ignorant to the reality of Mexicos stance on the global spectrum of corruption. Unbeknownst 783 miles northwest to Tijuana from Cabo, numerous drug cartels were organizing the importation of narcotics from the South and exported to countries North of Mexico. Tijuana is a city controlled by organized crime and more specifically, infiltrated by The Tijuana Cartel (Witkin and Robinson 1997:38). The Tijuana Cartel is responsible for the transportation, importation, and distribution of massive quantities of cocaine and marijuana, as well as large quantities of heroin and methamphetamine (Guzman 1993:40). Yet, the issue of Mexicos drug trade is not specific to the notorious city, there are over seven cartels that clandestinely function throughout the state. The power of drug cartels have proven to be well connected, trained, armed, and manipulative toward the masses. Mass drug trafficking in Mexico is threatening to turn itself into a Narco state, notably, a Narco state is considered to be an area that has been taken over and is controlled and corrupted by drug cartels (ibid). The rising count of gruesome drug-related murders seems as though the government is being passively effective. This is where the supremacy of drug lords that lead the drug cartels serve as highly influential bodies; whom can often overthrow the power of authorities and government officials through bribery. This is evident over the last three decades when the Mexican Drug War originally commenced. However, the Drug War was re-initiated between the government and drug cartels when Felipe Calderon took presidency in 2006 (Campos 2010). The nation of Mexico is facing a difficult state of affairs to meet drug trade demands that has dishonored the justice system. Countless lives have been taken since the commencement of the Mexican Drug War on either side of its borders and will only continue to overthrow the power of the government officials. This essay will analyze how the Mexican drug trade has infiltrated northern borders to the United States and Canada-while domestically placing vulnerable civilians at risk of sex trafficking in an impoverished state, resulting in violence. The drug trade is a global black market, where the insufficiency of borders has proven to be the prime target of drug transportation. According to the Toronto Star (2009), Tijuana is home to the worlds busiest border crossing with about 300,000 people crossing the border everyday. These perimeters separate two distinct worlds divided by a militarized border in the North and a more advantageous smuggle from the South, however the movement of people and narcotics illicitly make their way past northern border patrol. The North American Free Trade agreement addresses concerns regarding insufficient borders where there is an unrestricted movement of people, goods and services between Mexico, the United States and Canada (Cottam and Otwin 2005). The inadequacy of border security, has led to the expansion of Mexican drug cartels and their control over the drug supply chain surpassing the United States to Canada. This is where the transportation, importation, and distribution of massive quan tities of cocaine, 3 marijuana, as well as large quantities of heroin and methamphetamine have primarily washed up on Canadas West coast (Falco 1999:8). Furthermore, the growth of Mexicos drug cartels is a question of security, where the illegal importation of illicit drugs into fast, developing westernized nations will only lead to unsafe corruption. This mass production of drugs infiltrated by Mexico into the United States and Canada is a detriment to the globalization efforts set out by capitalist nations. These northern nations have made initiatives to expand the integration of countries in the global network of communication, transportation and trade. However, the global networking strategies of these bordering nations have negotiated an illegal trade that has created a steady flow of trafficked narcotics. The trafficking of drugs is highly motivated by the demands that exist in consumer countries such as the United States and Canadas West Coast of British Colombia. In 2001, Mexico was the point of transit where 55 percent of cocaine entered the United States (Chabat 2002:142). Illicit drugs cultivated in drug trade are majorly supplied by strong Colombian drug trafficking ties and become Canada and US-bound through Mexico. The narcotics used to fuel the Mexican Drug War are primary extracted from countries in South America, specifically Colombia. This is where the primary trafficked narcotic includes cocaine, in exchange for the steady drug flow heading north from South America guns, cash and prostitutes serve as collateral (Bagely 1988:72). However, the United States has created a campaign of prohibition and foreign military aid to reduce the illegal drug trade, this campaign is called the War on Drugs. The approaches of The War on Drugs have undertaken tasks such as The Merida Initiative. This initiative is a security cooperation 4 between the United States and the government of Mexico and the countries of Central America with the aim of combating the threats of drug trafficking and transnational crime (Cottam and Marenin 2005:32). Such strategies are aimed to also eliminate illegal immigrants into Canada and the United States as means to transport and distribute drugs. Other contributions to The War on Drugs involve the U.S Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), identifying the need to increase financial and migration investigations relating to the movement of illegal drugs to Mexico. The DEA states that attacking the financial infrastructure of drug cartels has to play a key role in any viable drug enforcement strategy (Toro 1999: 633). The effects of contraband being imported past the Northern borders serves for inadequacy of borders as well as harm toward their political and economical statuses. Restricted substances that enter northern borders are consequential toward the political stance of the laws, rules and regulations set forth by government officials. The enigmatic transportation of these illegal narcotics is especially subversive and become difficult for officials to track en route. The money laundering exchange from Mexico into the United States and Canada annually generates millions of dollars as a significant contributor to their economies. In the United States, wholesale illicit drug sale earnings estimates range from $13.6 to $48.4 billion annually (ibid). The longstanding issue of poverty in many areas of Mexico is also a contributing factor involving the illegal drug trade. Kellner and Piptones article Inside Mexicos Drug war (2010:32) states that due to high levels of poverty within the Mexican nation 5 and easy access across the northern borders, individuals with minimal opportunities and are economically unstable, resort to drug exchange. Poverty provides minimal opportunities for those in need of providing for their families, and as a result of Mexicos escalating rates of poverty, people often look for the fastest alternative, often resorting to money laundering of illegal drugs. The participation of Mexican civilians in the drug war often proposes the sacrifices of their lives as well as leaving their families behind. The willingness of many residences to partake in the drug trade is also contributing to Mexicos generation of fraudulent currency, where according to Chabat (2002: 137) as of 2009, sat between $6-$15 billion annually representing 3 percent of Mexicos Gross Domestic Product (GDP). As the growth of these numbers amplifies due to organized drug crime, the public continues to pursue the implementation of justice and change by government officials. Within Mexicos impoverished state, the vulnerability of Mexican women and children are at risk with the pursuit of innocence set forth by drug lords. The involvement of women in drug trafficking in recent years has expanded dramatically. Campbell (2008:251) explains that women within Mexican society that are often associated with the drug cartels are typically led to incarceration at various ages; this also leads to high extortion, torture and rape. Sex trafficking has become more common as a part of the drug war where most often women and girls are pimped by leaders of drug cartels and sent to brothels throughout Mexico (Castillo, Gomez and Delgado 1999: 394). The demands within the brothels instill fear within these trafficked women, without compliance they jeopardize seeing their families again or even their lives. Specifically in 6 Tijuana, Mexico where the infiltration of black market drugs originates within Central America, women are used as drug smugglers and prostitutes to generate another source of monetary income. Moreover, Rojas (2008:1082) argues that children have also become prime targets involving the illegal exchange of drugs. Drug lords often seek them out as a symbol of inexperience and uncontroversial tactic when crossing borders, much of the time they too have been induced by drugs to obey drug lord commands. Many children involved in the drug trade are without any family due to the violent nature of the trade or come from families below the poverty line. In 2009 alone, 10,000 children were orphaned due to the Mexican Drug War (ibid). With initiatives to keep the adolescents off of the streets, President Felipe Calderà ³n recently opened 75 new universities and 330 drug rehabilitation centers to curb the impoverishment and gang violence (Corchado 2009: 21). The violent nature of the Mexican Drug War has led to high rates of drug violence within Mexico. This is further examined by Newman (2009:23), in which he explains that the drug cartels imported and exported out of Tijuana make their way toward the U.S border city of Ciudad Juà ¡rez, which now has the distinction of being the most violent in Mexico. Due to organized crime, border violence includes 90% of drug related killings (ibid). The competition of cartels trying to out due each other in savagery is discussed in Hoars article Mexican violence, Gun Controls (2009:42) where bodies are mutilated, and heads are tossed on busy streets. 7 The struggle for human rights and progression away from drug violence is an unpredictable issue; the direction in which it is headed is at a high rate of inconsistency. Violent acts of decapitation, torture and rape are common tactics amongst drug lords. Drug lords have become so powerful that some of their leaders, even when in prison, can continue their operations from the inside. Anderson (2007:18) explains that a drug kingpin can order the murder of rival cartel members on the street, along with others perceived as standing in the way of their lucrative enterprises. Those killed have included officials, judges and journalists whose writings offended the cartels (ibid). As a terror tactic, beheadings have become a favored form of execution. The power of organized crime such as drug cartels, easily preside over the violence. According to Campos (2010: 402), more than 34,000 people have died in drug-related violence during the four years that President Felipe Calderon has been in po wer and within the last year there were 15, 273 deaths. Many civilians are too often paying the price of Mexicos drug war with their liberty and livelihood at the hands of drug cartel hit men. High rates of violence are a result of suppressed human rights with many implications facing Mexican authorities and residences. Communities often too cannot trust those in a position of power such as police, this is due to the corruption within the police force. Corruption within Mexican law enforcement institutions is a relentless struggle of organized crime growing and spreading to new territories. More specifically, numerous drug cartels propose bribes to officers for their co-operation in return. The co-operation of these officers under cartel 8 command often include violent acts against civilians as well as tourists and government officials, ultimately creating an elite group of hit men (Bailey and Paras 2006: 78). Officers enticed by this lucrative organization are often regularly paid poorly and would rather succumb to the influence of Mexicos deep-pocketed drug traffickers and gangs. This law enforcement dishonesty is becoming a significant challenge confronting democratic governability and defeating the purpose of ending the Mexican Drug War. Although violence between drug cartels had been occurring for at least three decades, the Mexican government had held a generally passive stance regarding cartel violence. Now, President Felipe Calderà ³n has continued to escalate his anti-drug campaign, there are now about 45,000 troops involved along with state and federal police forces. (Felson 2009:7) In conclusion, the Mexican drug trade is a ruthless battlefield in which many aspects reflect the hardships and corruption within Mexican society, and its effects on its neighboring countries. The efforts set out by President Felipe Calderon to end the drug war in Mexico is seeing inadequate results, inevitably progressing toward a Narco state status. Presently, the development of Mexico is at risk with plummeting death tolls of civilians, corruption of law enforcement and drug money stabilizing the countrys GDP. The Mexican Drug War is often presented publicly as a government issue that will evaporate overtime with the right prime leadership. However, the cause of the battle on drugs in the southern-most part of North America is much more than the governments 9 burden. The powers of drug cartels seem to be unstoppable and over taking the Mexicos livelihood all together and are now nothing short of entrenched in supremacy. The infiltration of northern borders to the United States and Canada by the Mexican drug trade has domestically placed vulnerable civilians at risk of sex trafficking in an impoverished state, resulting in violence. 10